Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct Speech : is
saying exactly someone has said. It appears within quotation marks
("...") and should be for word.
Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con
Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word.
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.
Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con
Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word.
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.
RULES
There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past )
1.tense change
There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past )
1.tense change
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
|
02
|
Present Continuous
|
Past Continuous
|
|
03
|
Present Future
|
Past Future
|
|
04
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
|
05
|
Present Perfect Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
|
06
|
Simple Past
|
Past Perfect
|
|
07
|
Past Continuous
|
Past Perfect Continuous
|
OR
|
No
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
01
|
V1 (eat)
|
V2 (ate)
|
|
02
|
V2 (ate)
|
Had + V3 (had eaten)
|
|
03
|
Am/is/are
|
Was/were
|
|
04
|
Do/does
|
Did
|
|
05
|
Do/does not
|
Did not
|
|
06
|
Did not
|
Had not + V3
|
|
07
|
Was/were
|
Had been
|
|
08
|
Am/is/are + V-ing
|
Was/were + V-ing
|
|
09
|
Was/were +V-ing
|
Had been + V-ing
|
|
10
|
Has/have + V3
|
Had + V3
|
|
11
|
Will/shall/can/may/must
|
Would/should/could/might/had to
|
|
12
|
Could/might/should/would + V1/be
|
Could/might/should/would + have+
V3/been
|
2.modal change
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
Will She
said, “I will teach English.”
|
Would She
said she would teach English.
|
|
Can She
said, "I can teach English online."
|
Could She
said she could teach English.
|
|
Must She
said, "I must teach English."
|
Had to She
said she had to teach English.
|
3.TIME
CHANGE
|
Time in Direct Speech
|
Time in Indirect Speech
|
|
this (morning/noon/evening)
|
that (morning/noon/evening)
|
|
today
|
yesterday
|
|
these (days)
|
those (days)
|
|
now
|
then
|
|
(a week/ a month/ a year) ago
|
(a week/ a month/ a year) before
|
|
last weekend
|
the weekend before last/ the previous weekend
|
|
here
|
there
|
|
next (week/month/year)
|
the following (week/month/year)
|
|
tomorrow
|
the next/following day
|
Direct and Indirect
Speech devided into 3 parts :
1. Statement
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
1. Statement
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Examples:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Examples:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading "
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly "
I : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly
3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy "
I : Willy said that he was very sleepy
4. D : She has told you, " I am writing "
I : She has told you that she is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard "
I : Mother adviced her son to study hard
1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading "
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly "
I : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly
3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy "
I : Willy said that he was very sleepy
4. D : She has told you, " I am writing "
I : She has told you that she is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard "
I : Mother adviced her son to study hard
