Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech : is saying exactly someone has said. It appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be for word.
Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con

Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word.
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.

RULES
There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past )
1.tense change

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

OR

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

2.modal change

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Will She said, “I will teach English.”	Would She said she would teach English.
Can She said, "I can teach English online."	Could She said she could teach English.
Must She said, "I must teach English."	Had to She said she had to teach English.

3.TIME CHANGE

Time in Direct Speech	Time in Indirect Speech
this (morning/noon/evening)	that (morning/noon/evening)
today	yesterday
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
(a week/ a month/ a year) ago	(a week/ a month/ a year) before
last weekend	the weekend before last/ the previous weekend
here	there
next (week/month/year)	the following (week/month/year)
tomorrow	the next/following day

Direct and Indirect Speech devided into 3 parts :

1. Statement
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Examples:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading "
    I  : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly "
    I  : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly
3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy "
    I  : Willy said that he was very sleepy
4. D : She has told you, " I am writing "
    I  : She has told you that she is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard "
    I  : Mother adviced her son to study hard

Indirect and Direct Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech Direct Speech : is saying exactly someone has said. It appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be for word. Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word. Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words. RULES There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past ) 1.tense change No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 Simple Present Simple Past 02 Present Continuous Past Continuous 03 Present Future Past Future 04 Present Perfect Past Perfect 05 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous 06 Simple Past Past Perfect 07 Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous OR No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 V1 (eat) V2 (ate) 02 V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten) 03 Am/is/are Was/were 04 Do/does Did 05 Do/does not Did not 06 Did not Had not + V3 07 Was/were Had been 08 Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing 09 Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing 10 Has/have + V3 Had + V3 11 Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to 12 Could/might/should/would + V1/be Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been 2.modal change Direct Speech Indirect Speech Will She said, “I will teach English.” Would She said she would teach English. Can She said, "I can teach English online." Could She said she could teach English. Must She said, "I must teach English." Had to She said she had to teach English. 3.TIME CHANGE Time in Direct Speech Time in Indirect Speech this (morning/noon/evening) that (morning/noon/evening) today yesterday these (days) those (days) now then (a week/ a month/ a year) ago (a week/ a month/ a year) before last weekend the weekend before last/ the previous weekend here there next (week/month/year) the following (week/month/year) tomorrow the next/following day Direct and Indirect Speech devided into 3 parts : 1. Statement He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow” He said that they would go to Singapore the next day. Bob said, ” I’m a university student” Bob said that he was a university student. 2. Command He told me, “wait for me !” He told me to wait for him. She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !” She told me not to cheat anymore. 3. Question Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?” Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her. Mixed type: Examples: Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale” Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale. EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH : 1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading " I : She says to her friend that he has been reading 2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly " I : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly 3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy " I : Willy said that he was very sleepy 4. D : She has told you, " I am writing " I : She has told you that she is writing 5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard " I : Mother adviced her son to study hard

Direct and Indirect Speech Direct Speech : is saying exactly someone has said. It appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be for word. Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word. Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words. RULES There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past ) 1.tense change No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 Simple Present Simple Past 02 Present Continuous Past Continuous 03 Present Future Past Future 04 Present Perfect Past Perfect 05 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous 06 Simple Past Past Perfect 07 Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous OR No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 V1 (eat) V2 (ate) 02 V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten) 03 Am/is/are Was/were 04 Do/does Did 05 Do/does not Did not 06 Did not Had not + V3 07 Was/were Had been 08 Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing 09 Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing 10 Has/have + V3 Had + V3 11 Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to 12 Could/might/should/would + V1/be Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been 2.modal change Direct Speech Indirect Speech Will She said, “I will teach English.” Would She said she would teach English. Can She said, "I can teach English online." Could She said she could teach English. Must She said, "I must teach English." Had to She said she had to teach English. 3.TIME CHANGE Time in Direct Speech Time in Indirect Speech this (morning/noon/evening) that (morning/noon/evening) today yesterday these (days) those (days) now then (a week/ a month/ a year) ago (a week/ a month/ a year) before last weekend the weekend before last/ the previous weekend here there next (week/month/year) the following (week/month/year) tomorrow the next/following day Direct and Indirect Speech devided into 3 parts : 1. Statement He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow” He said that they would go to Singapore the next day. Bob said, ” I’m a university student” Bob said that he was a university student. 2. Command He told me, “wait for me !” He told me to wait for him. She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !” She told me not to cheat anymore. 3. Question Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?” Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her. Mixed type: Examples: Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale” Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale. EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH : 1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading " I : She says to her friend that he has been reading 2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly " I : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly 3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy " I : Willy said that he was very sleepy 4. D : She has told you, " I am writing " I : She has told you that she is writing 5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard " I : Mother adviced her son to study hard

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Sentence (B.Inggris)

Sentence

Sentence (Kalimat) adalah susunan kata-kata yang berpola tertentu yang membentuk satu kesatuan makna yang dapat dipahami dengan baik. Apabila ada kata-kata yang tersusun namun tidak mempunyai makna sama sekali dan tidak dapat dipahami maksudnya itu berarti bukan kalimat. Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat bahasa Indonesia di bawah ini:

Contoh:

·         Saya pergi ke Bali.

·         The dog barked.

·         Water is boiling.

·         My father sleeps.

Clause (B.Inggris)

Clause

Clause (klause) dalam bahasa inggris adalah rangkaian kata yang bermakna, berpola S + V tapi tidak bisa berdiri sendiri. Adapun bentuknya ada dua: main clause (MC) (induk kalimat/S + V) dan sub clause (SC) (anak kalimat/Conj. + S + V)

1.      NOUN CLAUSE (NC)

Noun Clause adalah anak kalimat (sub clause) yang difungsikan sebagai kata benda (noun). Noun clause dalam kalimat bisa menempati posisi subjek atau objek. Dimana NC sering di identifikasi dengan ‘that’ atau question words (why, what, where, etc.) dan mengikuti beberapa kata kerja seperti: believe, say, understand, know, suggest.

Contoh:

·         I believe (that) Andy is sick.

·         We know what you want.

·         That the bandits were arrested became big news.

2.      ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (AC)

Adjective clause adalah anak kalimat (sub clause) yang difungsikan sebagai kata sifat (adjective) dalam kalimat. Dimana mempunyai fungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda  atau kata ganti (modify noun or pronoun) dalam noun phrase. Dan biasanya diawali dengan that, who, where, when atau whose.

Contoh:

·         Someone who calls you is my father.

·         The horse which you buy is very big.

3.      ADVERBIAL CLAUSE (AVC)

AVC adalah anak anak kalimat (sub clause) yang berfungsi sebagai kata keteranga (adverb) dalam kalimat. Adapun posisinya adalah initial (awal kalimat), middle (tengah kalimat/jarang), dan final (akhir kalimat). Contoh:

·         When Febby was a child, she often took a bath in the river. (Initial)

·         Febby, when she was a child, often took a bath in the river. (Middle)

·         Febby often took a bath in the river when she was a child. (Final)

Phrase (B.Inggris)

Phrase

Phrase adalah rangkaian kata yang sudah mengandung suatu pengertian atau satu kesatuan makna, tetapi tidak mempunyai subject dan predicate dan merupakan bagian dari suatu kalimat. Apabila kata-kata dalam phrase tersebut kita pisah, maka mempunyai makna yang berbeda apabila kata-kata tersebut disatukan.

Contoh:

1.      The girl at the door is my sister.

2.      The book on the table is mine.

3.      The man with the red hat is my teacher.        

4.      The boys in the street are students.

Berdasarkan penggunaannya Phrase dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu:

1.      Noun Phrase

2.      Adjective Phrase

3.      Adverbial Phrase

1. Noun Phrase

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).

Contoh:

·         Ali went to the store for some books.

·         My new car near the tree is old enough.

·         The desk in this room is small.

2. Adjective Phrase

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective, memberi sifat kepada noun atau pronoun.

Contoh:

·         Books in black and red were the clerk’s delight.

·         The girl with long hair is my friend.

3.      Adverbial Phrase

Adalah phrase yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Contoh:

·         He shouted on house top.

·         Henry fishes in the big lake.

·          He put the money into his pocket.

Adverbial Phrase dapat juga digunakan untuk menyatakan (mengekspresikan) beberapa hubungan; seperti mengekspresikan hubungan waktu (expressing a relation of time), place (tempat), manner (cara), degree (tingkat/derajat), cause (sebab akibat), purpose (tujuan/maksud), condition (syarat), atau concession or contrast (pertentangan).

Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut ini:

1. Menunjukkan Hubungan Waktu.

·         She has been ill since two days ago,

·         We have been studying English for three years.

2. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tempat.

·         I live near the school.

·         He hurried into the classroom.

·         The children’s toys were all over the room.

3. Menunjukkan Hubungan Cara.

·         He cut it with a knife.

·         She writes an angry letter in red ink.

4. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tingkat.

·         I love her very much.

·         You must study English more diligently.

5. Menunjukkan Hubungan Sebab Akibat.

·         She was injured because of the bus accident.

·         I was late because of the rain.

·         Your father is very angry with you for staying out so late.

6. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tujuan.

·         She has come to tell you the latest news.

·         I leave for Jakarta to buy some books.

7. Menunjukkan Hubungan Pertentangan.

·         In spite of the rain he went out.

·         Regardless of the weather she always brings an umbrella.

8. Menunjukkan Hubungan Syarat.

·         We’ll go if necessary.

Berdasarkan kata-kata pendahuluannya (introductory words or pivot word) phrase dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:

·         Prepositional Phrase.

·         Principal Phrase.

·         Infinitive Phrase.

·         Gerund Phrase.

·         Apositive Phrase.

A.      Prepositional Phrase

Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung prepos’isi (kata depan); dan biasanya dapat dipakai/berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective atau. Adverb. Contoh:

·         The report will be sent in a few days.

·         He is sometimes angry with his wife.

·         I’m sorry for having come late.

·         The traffic sign points to the left.

B.      Principial Phrase

Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung participle yang biasanya berfungsi sebagai adjective.

Not knowing anyone in town he felt very lonesome.

Having finished his assignment, he went home.

Having lost all my money, I went home.

Student arriving late will not be permitted to enter the lecture hall. (Arriving late menjelaskan student.)

We heard the children crying.

Arti atau pengertian dari kalimat yang mengandung Participial Phrase dapat menunjukkan:

1. Waktu

A.     After (sesudah)

Having finished all the work, she went home. (Setelah dia  menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan, dia pulang.)

B.      While or When ( = ketika)

Walking along the street, I met a friend whom I had not seen for along time. (Ketika saya berjalan sepanjang jalan, saya bertemu teman yang telah lama saya tidak berjumpa.

2. Sebab Akibat

Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation. (Karena dia telah bekerja keras sepanjang hidupnya, maka dia memutuskan untuk mengambil liburan panjang)

Tetapi kadang-kadang dapat juga menunjukkan pengertian waktu dan sebab bersama-sama.

·         Having eaten too much, he became sleepy. (Karena dia makan terlalu banyak, dia jadi mengantuk)

Perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut:

·         Needing some money to buy a book, Ali cashed a check. (= Because he needed some money to buy a book, Ali chased a check.)

·         Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

·         Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. (= Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.)

C.     Infinitive Phrase

Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung infinitive dan infinitive phrase dapat digunakan/berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective atau Adverb.

A.    Infinitive phrase sebagai Noun

·         To read books means to enlarge one’s horizons.

·         To see his children again will make him happy.

·         To learn English, you must practice everyday.

·         To ask more money would be wrong.

·         To do that is difficult for me.

B.     Infinitive phrase sebagai Adjective

·         He wanted books to juggle acrobatically.

·         The poison was strong enough to have killed ten people.

·         He is a good man for you to know.

C.      Infinitive phrase sebagai Adverb

·         He read to enlarge his horizons.

·         He has been warned not to do that again.

·         I had hoped to see her soon.

D.     Gerund Phrase

Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung gerund, dan biasanya hanya berfungsi sebagai Noun.

·         Reading books enlarge one’s horizons.

·         Playing with guns is dangerous.

·         Taking a long walk every day is good exercise.

·         Her cleaning the house every day is not necessary.

·         The broadcasting by that station comes from the top of a skyscraper.

E.     Appositive Phrase

Sebagai pelengkap pembahasan tentang Phrases, berikut ini diuraikan jenis phrases lain yaitu: Appositive Phrases, yang sangat besar peranannya dalam penyusunan kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris.

Appositive Phrases yaitu sekelompok kata yang berfungsi memberi keterangan tambahan kepada subjek atau objek.

Appositive Phrases dapat berupa noun, adjective, adverb, atau prepositional phrases.

·         Noun: He had asked Mr. Wilson, a prominent lawyer, to represent him in court.

·         Adjective: The professor, unaware that many of his students were asleep, went right on lecturing.

·         Adverb: The gentleman over there by the door is our accountant.

·         Prepositional phrase: Mr. Harris, in a hurry to get home, a took a taxi from the airport.

Susunan Kalimat dengan Appositive Phrases

1. Perubahan Adjective Clause menjadi Appositive Phrase

Adjective clauses yang mengandung bentuk Be dapat disingkat menjadi Appositive Phrase dengan hanya mempertahankan pelengkap (complement) sesudah Be (noun, adjective, adverb atau preposition at phrases).

·         The young man, who is now a lawyer in a large firm, has lost much of his old ambition. Menjadi: The young man, now a lawyer in a large firm, has lost mush of his old ambition.

·         The person who is responsible for the damage will have to pay for it. Menjadi: The person responsible for the damage will have to pay for it.

2. Letak Appositive Phrase dalam Kalimat

Letak Appositive Phrase yang paling umum adalah sesudah noun yang diterangkan olehnya, dan terletak di antara dua tanda koma.

·         His uncle, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.

·         Ahmad, eager to get ahead in his career, worked hard day and night.

·         The man, aware that he had mad a mistake, tried to correct it.

·         The high-powered computer machine, the most powerful of its type, was finally readied for use.

Namun Appositive Phrase yang mengacu (menerangkan) subjek dari main verb dapat pula diletakkan di awal kalimat atau di akhir kalimat.

Di Awal Kalimat

·         A proud and unbending man, his uncle refused all help that was offered him.

·         Eager to get ahead in his career, Charles worked hard day and night. (Pada posisi seperti ini, appositive phrase sering mengekspresikan sebab akibat, kadang-kadang kelonggaran.)

Di Akhir Kalimat

·         His uncle refused all help that was offered him, a proud and unbending man.

·         Charles worked hard day and night, eager to get ahead in his career.