Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech : is saying exactly someone has said. It appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be for word.
Direct speech repeats,or quotes,the exact words spoken . When we use direct speech in writing,we put the words spoken between inverted commas and there no change in these word. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW,or telling someone later about a previous conversation. con

Indirect Speech : is enclosing what the person said. It doesn't use quotation marks and doesn't have to be for word.
Indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past. When we use indirect speech, we don't use inverted commas. We should change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs for example say,ask,and we may use the word that to introduce the reported words.

RULES
There are rules in converting to indirect speech. The tense ussually has change because when we use reported speech,we are ussually talking about a time in the past ( obviouxly who spoke originally spoke in past )
1.tense change

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

OR

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

2.modal change

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Will She said, “I will teach English.”	Would She said she would teach English.
Can She said, "I can teach English online."	Could She said she could teach English.
Must She said, "I must teach English."	Had to She said she had to teach English.

3.TIME CHANGE

Time in Direct Speech	Time in Indirect Speech
this (morning/noon/evening)	that (morning/noon/evening)
today	yesterday
these (days)	those (days)
now	then
(a week/ a month/ a year) ago	(a week/ a month/ a year) before
last weekend	the weekend before last/ the previous weekend
here	there
next (week/month/year)	the following (week/month/year)
tomorrow	the next/following day

Direct and Indirect Speech devided into 3 parts :

1. Statement
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Examples:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : He says to her friend, " I have been reading "
    I  : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, " The girl wasn't ugly "
    I  : He will tell them that the girl wasn't ugly
3. D : Willy said, " I'm very sleepy "
    I  : Willy said that he was very sleepy
4. D : She has told you, " I am writing "
    I  : She has told you that she is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, " study hard "
    I  : Mother adviced her son to study hard